Charles T. Brown is the founder and principal of Equitable Cities, a minority- and veteran-owned urban planning, public policy and research firm focused at the intersection of transportation, health and equity. He is also an adjunct professor at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University. He is the host of Arrested Mobility, a podcast that asks: What can we do to change the outcomes when people of colour step out their door to exist in the world?

Winnipeg, like cities across North America, shifted its pattern of development after the second world war to being car-oriented. At the same time as we were experiencing “white flight” from our core neighbourhoods to the suburbs we also shifted our funding priority away from public transit into highway expansion. The development pattern for the new neighbourhoods being built featured exclusionary zoning, where the housing was built away from services and destinations, requiring personal vehicles to travel between the zones to accomplish even basic tasks, like getting kids to school or picking up a few groceries. Seventy years later, we can see the results of this shift all around us from bumper to bumper congestion to the high rates of pedestrian injuries and deaths, particularly in our most vulnerable neighbourhoods. Needless to say, we were delighted to have an expert like Charles bring his years of experience and insight to a keynote presentation called Equitable Cities: How to liberate those caged by our transportation system.

In his talk, Charles walked us through his childhood in America and his early experience to the arrested mobility of growing up on a community without sidewalks or convenient transit, to his work today across North America as cities are trying to recognize past failures and re-build with equity and access as top of mind.

A few highlights:

“History doesn’t say goodbye, history says ‘see you later’”

Arrested Mobility is a direct manifestation of racism across four distinct realms of racism:

1. The personal: our values, beliefs, attitudes and feelings
2. The interpersonal: people act on their fear, prejudices and stereotypes
3. The institutional: policy, practices, rules and procedures
4. The cultural: what groups value as right, true, beautiful, normal and worthy of our time and attention.

This affects the physical and social mobility of minority groups.

Often we will talk about the social determinants of health. But what if that’s incorrect? What if we looked around and saw the political determinants of health? Research is showing more and more how doctors no longer need to ask about family medical histories to determine a person’s life expectancy. They can simply ask for their postal code.

When discussing the restrictions on social and physical mobility, we must talk about the four Ps of Over Policing

Policy efforts

Planning efforts

Policing in terms of law enforcement

Polity: for example, Karen and Ken, who can manipulate the above systems to exclude.

How does this manifest? In Winnipeg, we can see the evidence in, for example, Under-investment and over-policing: safe biking for whom? Or, in First Nations Experiences of Racism in Policing.

How can we Start to Build a more Equitable City?

Justice Oriented Framework.

Recognition: do we recognize past harms when we go into communities?

Distributive: who has physical access to the street, park, trail? (“proximity is not access”)

Procedural: who has influence over design, programs etc?

Interactional: what makes people feel welcome or unwelcome? Safe or unsafe?

Representational: do people feel their experience and history is represented in the space?

Restorative: for example, recapping a highway that has divided communities

Care: how do we demonstrate our care for the space and other people?

12 Actions:

1. Racial Equity Action Plan
2. Prioritize safety investments
3. Equitable funding (not equity, equitable is based on need)
4. Capacity building programs
5. Public transit and active transport. Enhance and expand in underserved communities.
6. Prioritize community driven solutions, and implement them
7. Education and awareness campaigns – culturally and linguistically
8. Equity focused enforcement
9. More data collection and analysis
10. Equity audits and accountability
11. Foster inter-agency collaboration. No once can do it by itself
12. Change in leadership. *long pause” This is a political fact! Some people need to get out of office.

Charles ended his keynote with a warning for everyone in the room to heed:

• Once all of the above great work is done, watch out for: gentrification and displacement.

A saying at the black barber shop is that a tree planted today matures just in time for gentrification to occur.

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After a question and answer session, participants who could stay took part in breakout sessions. The three breakout sessions offered were:

ARRESTED MOBILITY: Moving While Indigenous

Facilitated by: Adrian Alphonso

Adrian opened the session with two items; the acknowledgement of the elephant in the room following the speaker presentation, and an opportunity to connect with movement through a standing group wave. The introduction of movement was meant to act as play for the group. This was crucial to breaking down a barrier within the breakout group, as these spaces rarely make time for play. Typically, spaces such as this one rely solely on logic. The play helped us become one.

Adrian discussed the need for folks to address their biases and change how they think about people who bike in our city. Adrian used prompts to encourage us to discuss this topic with our circle partners and gather other perspectives. Four questions were asked during this breakout session.

1. What was the keynote address?
2. Why does that matter?
3. How will you affect change?
4. What is next for you?

Finally, after discussing these questions, we unpacked ways of decolonizing space. We discussed the issues that arise when proper relationships with Indigenous folks are not built when planning occurs. Adrian reminded us that when planning occurs, everything is often already decided by the time consulting begins with Indigenous folks, which is not leads to improper consultation.

POINT DOUGLAS: A Neighbourhood of Opportunity

Facilitated by: Sel Burrows

In this session, Sel shared the story of Point Douglas, one of Winnipeg’s oldest neighbourhoods. As Winnipeg abandoned core neighbourhoods in favour of investments in the outer suburbs, Point Douglas residents found themselves having to deal with a growing crime rate. Sel shared how the community worked together to create and implement various initiatives over the years to discourage crime and gang activity. Sel noted that community members were often scared or hesitant to call the police, as that could lead to escalating conflict. One memorable story was how the women of the neighbourhood (so many success stories of the neighbourhood are tied to the women!) were frustrated with drug dealing in the local park. To solve this issue, they decided to walk their dogs in the park and to converse with the dealers. Needless to say, this was not an ideal selling situation for the dealers and they left the park in a little over a week!

Sel noted that it wasn’t up to the community members to solve the root causes of the issues the neighbourhood was facing. They were simply a group of neighbours who wanted a safe place for their families to live. It’s up to governments to invest in places like Point Douglas, and into the root causes of drug use, homelessness, and gang activity.

Sel also shared how disinvestment has left the community without recreation opportunities for the kids, which leaves them vulnerable to gang recruitment, or just getting into trouble when they’re bored. The City of Winnipeg is currently investing over $20 million dollars in the South Winnipeg Recreation Campus (a project with a total budget of over $70 million). In the meantime, Point Douglas doesn’t have a single recreation program.

FREEDOM TO MOVE: How do we build an accessible city for all?

Facilitated by: Sarah Manteuffel

Sarah shared her story of being a person with a physical disability and how it affects her ability to travel in Winnipeg. She shared how, when she was living in Toronto, she was able to access more of the city due to a more robust public transportation system. In Winnipeg, she is more often dependent upon her adaptive vehicle to access the city. The discussion was then opened up to the group to share additional stories as well as possibilities for improvement.

It was noted by several participants how it’s difficult to solve problems for one disability group without creating challenges for others. An example was accessible seating at the front of the bus, which is needed for wheelchair users as well as strollers. At the same time, those with physical or neuro disabilities also find it more challenging to go to the back of the bus.

Of course, while it can feel that people are being “divided and conquered” in these types of situations, the problem is one of implied scarcity: we have so few buses that this precious space has a demand that we cannot meet. If we were able to run frequent transit, there would be more space for everyone. The same can be said on our streets, where protected bike lanes are often a cause of concern for those in the blind community as well as those needing wheelchairs or walkers. However, if we had calmer streets we wouldn’t need to create so much infrastructure to separate users, which creates barriers for those with disabilities.

In the Q&A session, Charles spoke about why he talks about race before disability, and he noted that it’s because, even within the disability community there are racist divides. More often, those from racialized communities within the disability community experience Arrested Mobility at a higher rate.

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